The Art and Science of Animal Behavior: How to Observe, Describe, and Interpret Accurately

Studying animal behavior is a fascinating journey, much like solving a mystery. It begins with careful observation of clues, which then leads to forming questions. The next step involves developing a hypothesis to explain the observed behaviors and making predictions based on this hypothesis. Finally, researchers must decide on the best way to observe and measure these behaviors to test their predictions accurately.    

The Clever Hans Phenomenon

In the late 1800s and early 1900s, the study of psychology and animal behavior was just beginning.  During this time, much of the understanding of animals was based on individual stories rather than systematic research.  A famous case that significantly influenced the field was that of Clever Hans, a horse believed to have extraordinary intellectual abilities.  Clever Hans could apparently answer arithmetic questions by tapping his hoof the correct number of times.  However, it was later discovered that Hans was actually responding to subtle, unconscious cues from his trainer.  This revelation underscored the importance of rigorous scientific methods in animal behavior research.    

The Scientific Approach

The scientific method is essential for accurately studying animal behavior. It starts with observation and questioning.  For example, a horse owner might ask if a high-energy diet makes horses hyperactive.  The next step is to create a hypothesis and make testable predictions.  A well-designed experiment is crucial for testing the hypothesis.  In a basic experiment, one condition (the independent variable) is changed to see its effect on the outcome (dependent variable), while keeping other conditions constant.  Control groups are necessary to avoid confounding factors, ensuring that the observed effects are due to the treatment.    

Describing Behavior Objectively

Accurate description of behavior is fundamental in animal behavior studies.  It's essential to avoid anthropomorphism, which is attributing human characteristics to animals.  Instead, focus on describing behaviors in terms of body parts, movements, and postures.  There are different ways to describe behavior, including empirical or motor pattern descriptions that detail the specific actions of the animal.  Functional descriptions, which describe behavior by its purpose, should be used cautiously to maintain objectivity.

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